Daughter from DaNang Essay

Micro Assessment The majority of developmental theories say that children must develop a secure primary attachment in order to develop in a healthy manner. A secure and strong attachment is clearly essential for healthy future relationships. John Bowlby’s studies in childhood development led him to the conclusion that a strong attachment to a caregiver provides a necessary sense of security and foundation. Without such a relationship in place, Bowlby found that a great deal of developmental energy is expended in the search for stability and security. In general, those without such attachments are fearful and are less willing to seek out and learn from new experiences (Hutchison, 2013). The video did portray a close relationship between Heidi’s siblings and their mother. Heidi says she has happy memories from her child hood growing up in Vietnam (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). This leads me to believe she had formed an attachment with her mother. Bowlby says if the attachment figure is broken o r disrupted during a child’s critical developmental stage the child will suffer irreversible long- term damage. Heidi was completely uprooted toward the end of this critical period (Hutchison, 2013). She was 6 years old when her mother dropped her off at the orphanage operated by the Holt Adoption Agency. This is traumatic, and she says how she used to cry for her mother. She said she believed there was something wrong with her and that is why she was sent away (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). Once in America Heidi was adopted by a single woman named Ann Neville. Heidi describes Ann as a cold, non – loving person. She provided material things but never any affection. One summer evening while Heidi was home from college, she came home one night to find herself locked out. When she returned the next day her mother had Heidi’s bags packed and said she was no longer welcome in her house. As far as Ann was concerned, she no longer had a daughter. Heidi has not spoken to her adopted mother since (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). This was the second time Heidi had been abandoned  by her mother figure. According to Erik Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial Development she would not make it past the 1st stage (Hutchison, 2013). Although Heidi is well over the age the trust vs. mistrust stage occurs, she still is unable to believe that either one of her mothers’ love her. After visiting Vietnam, she is quite sure it was not love driving her mother to show such affection, but rather financial reasons (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). Her family is poor and they see Heidi as an escape from poverty. Heidi’s adaption to her American life is an example of a component in Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory called accommodation. Children are motivated to maintain a balance. Any experience that we cannot assimilate creates anxiety, but if our schemata are adjusted to accommodate the new experience, the desired state of equilibrium will be restored (Hutchison, 2013). In order for Heidi to adapt to her environment, she had to change the way she viewed everything. She was unable to change the environment so she had to change herself. Heidi became 101% Americanized (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). Mezzo Assessment This documentary reveals the many confrontations of two cultures. It begins when an American soldier and a Vietnamese woman, Mai Thi Kim, who was abandoned by her husband, ensue a sexual relationship that results in a daughter, Mai Thi Heip also known as Heidi Bub. When the war ends and the American troops leave, Mai Thi Kim and her children are left to face the ridicule and scorn for Kim’s indiscretion of sleeping with an American soldier (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). This child was born half American and half Vietnamese. At the time there were rumors the Communist government was going to search for these children and kill them. They were a part of the enemy. In order to escape this persecution, the American government, along with several others governments, created Operation Baby Lift. They would put these children on planes and fly them to the United State where they would be given the opportunity for a better life. This is extremely telling of North American’s ethnocentr ism, assuming Americans could provide a better life to these children than their own parents (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). In America Heidi lived with her adopted mom in Pulaski, Tennessee. Ann was a dean at Pulaski’s Martin Methodist College. Heidi was baptized into the United Methodist Church, where she attended services, and Sunday school. Ann provided many material things for Heidi, taking her on great trips to various places and yet Heidi’s heart still longs for more. Heidi said she had everything growing up, but that she didn’t have a very loving mother. Ann sought hard to Americanize Heidi and often warned her to keep her Vietnamese heritage a secret. Ann is extremely adamant that if anyone asks where Heidi was born, she is to tell them Columbia, South Carolina (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). As Heidi enters her teenage years her relationship with her mother is strained. Anne cannot tolerate Heidi’s growing independence. The relationship comes to an abrupt end when Ann kick Heidi out of the house and denies she ever had a daughter (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). Heidi’s biological mother does not have the money to provide material things like her adopted mother. She does have the capacity to love Heidi and expresses it openly, unlike her adopted mother (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). When Heidi returned to Vietnam to reunite with her family she experienced a dramatic culture shock. She was not properly prepared for the reunion. As a child she was forbidden to inquire about her heritage, so it was never discussed and she was never encouraged to learn about the Vietnam culture (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). Heidi has a naà ¯ve idea that it is going to be a fairy tale ending. Heidi places huge expectations upon this visit to emotionally fill a void in her life from an unloving and damaged childhood. One of the major challenges Heidi faces was the dreadful clash between the two cultures. Heidi is overwhelmed by the open and often displays of affection. She says she was not raised in such a touchy, feely society so all of this affection was extremely uncomfortable. Heidi was raised as a single child by a single parent. She is not used to large families and having so many people around all the time. Heidi complains that she has only had 2 hours to herself the entire time sh e has been in Vietnam. She begins to feel the roles have been reversed because her mother is so clingy. It is as if she is the mother and her mother is the child (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). In Vietnamese culture family is very important. Extended family often live close or in the same home. In American this is not a common tradition. Generally when the children grow up they move out of their parents’ house to live independently and eventually begin a family of their own. Often families live hundreds of miles apart and may only see each other on holidays or special occasions. Vietnamese live in a collective society where the prosperity of the group is  the goal. They are community oriented, they take care of each other. So when Heidi’s sister, who is extremely poor, asks Heidi for more money that is entirely acceptable in their culture. It is normal and even expected for the wealthier family members to take care of the poorer ones. Those who make it to the States or another prosperous nation, are expected to send money back to their family. The children are expected to take care of their parents because the parents took care of the children when they were young (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). The video displays another example of how Vietnamese have a collective culture when Heidi returns, not only is her entire family excited to reunite, but the entire community is waiting to see her, they never forgot Heidi (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). Heidi thought her sister was rude and she was insulted by her bold request. When Heidi’s brother mentions it is her turn to take care of their mother, Heidi explodes in anger (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). The United States is stigmatized an individualistic society, people tend to look out for themselves. What is theirs is theirs and no obligation to provide for others. This is most often true in urban areas, but in more rural parts, families do take care of their own. People in smaller communities tend to take care of each other, maybe not to the extent they do in Vietnam, but they do look out for one another. Language is a barrier for Heidi. Although her mother and some of her family members are able to speak English, Heidi does not speak Vietnamese and does not understand the language. It is difficult to communicate and makes interactions challenging (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). Macro Assessment Daughter from Danang originates with American’s ethnocentrism and the declaration of â€Å"Operation Babylift.† by President Ford. Many American soldiers had left behind what was referred to as national embarrassment, American soldiers had slept with the enemy and fathered children with the women of Vietnam, these children came to be known as Amerasians. It was feared that the Communists threatened to kill both mother and child of this mixed race. President Ford made available over two million dollars for the needs of thousands of children that would be airlifted out of Vietnam to in efforts to avoid mass slaughter of the innocent, and provide a better living for the children (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). The ethnocentrism is clear when  the video shows a clip of an American social worker attempting to convince Vietnamese women to send their children to the United States. The Vietnamese feared the Communists could kill their children and the United States, along with other countries, were taking them away. What an awful experience for the mothers and children.  Heidi’s new life in the United States did provide her with opportunities she would have never received otherwise. The United States is a wealthier country than Vietnam. Most Vietnamese live in poverty and have little opportunity to improve financially. Vietnamese do not have the access to education that Westerners have. Heidi is a college graduate and her sister only made it through the 6th grade (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). Vietnam lack many of the modern conveniences Heidi has grown accustomed to. Vietnam is a poor country, the people cannot afford the common luxuries American’s use in their daily life. When she is walking through the town she is stunned to see people cooking food on the side walk. At the market Heidi cannot get her mother out of there fast enough. The hot temperature, raw fish, and the smells are all too much for her to handle (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). You can see the surprise on her face when she first arrives to her family’s home. The family does not have indoor plumbing, the family must go to the bathroom outside and shower by pouring a bucket of water over themselves. Heidi also observes her mother washing laundry outside in a basin with a bar of soap, the dishes were also washed outside in basin as well (Dolgin & Franco, 2002). Summary The video portrays though Vietnamese have less materials belongings than Westerners does not mean they are less happy. Vietnamese place much more importance on the family relationships and love for each other. I think if Heidi had prepared herself for her visit by educating herself on the Vietnamese culture, thing would have turned out differently. At least she would not have been taken off guard with so much touching, constant family around, and their forwardness about money. The movie ends with Heidi consciously alienating herself from her cultural roots. She goes back to the familiar world of her adopted grandma’s home, where the most profound conversation is whether the corn is rotten in the refrigerator. She goes  back to a dopey husband who has not a clue. â€Å"We stopped talking about your (Heidi’s) trip because we were not getting anywhere.† Unfortunately it has been 2 years and Heidi has not responded to any of her families letters. It seems unlikely she ever will. My hope is that she can overcome her scars and teach her children about their heritage. Provide them with the opportunity to learn who they are. References Dolgin, G.(Producer), & Dolgin, G., Franco,V. (Directors). (2002). Daughter from Danang [Video].Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2AU VUe2HX0 Hutchison, E. D. (2013). Essentials Of Human Behavior: Integrating Person, Environment, and the Life Cycle. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Sea Level Rises And Problems For Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay

In the twenty-first century when we are fighting with tonss of challenges, which are necessary to do certain being of life in the universe. If we think overall, the current planetary issues are nutrient, energy, recession, International Political issue, Climate alteration, Nuclear Missile trial, Fight against universe poorness as 100,00000 people unrecorded under poorness line, United Nations Global issue ( 2009, the twelvemonth in Review ) . Nowadays, Climate alteration is the most of import issue as whole universe is concern about the clime alteration. Therefore, last 6-18 December`2009 the universe leaders met together in Copenhagen for happening out the solutions for this current job. The universe ‘s ambiance is going hot to hotter by the assorted human activities which ultimate consequences is the planetary heating, i.e. Climate alteration. Sea Level Rise ( SLR ) is the consequence of addition temperature in the ambiance and affects low-lying coastal countries and deltas o f the universe. Harmonizing to the Warrick et Al ( 1993 ) stated that Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) in 1990, estimated that universe would be 3.30 heater at the terminal of the following century due to the scenario of nursery gas emanation, with a scope of uncertainness of 2.2 to 4.90 C. Because of the addition in temperature, sea degree will lift due to the thermic enlargement and ice thaw. There are assorted affect has due to the SLR on Bangladesh, being a low-lying state in the universe, peculiarly in coastal country. The coast country of Bangladesh is about 710 kilometers, which contains the universe longest sea beach Cox ‘s Bazar. It has been approved by many of the natural research workers that Bangladesh is the most disaster-prone state in the universe as it has been sing a tonss of calamity such as inundation, tropical cyclones, coastal eroding, coastal storm surges which causes heavy loss of life, belongings and endangering the activities of current and past development for the geographical place, Ali ( 1999 ) .1.2 Designation of job in the facet of Bangladesh:As we have seen that harmonizing to the many experts Bangladesh is the most affected state in the universe due to the SLR, hence, the following job has been identified and necessary to farther scrutiny for future version and sustainability for longer clip. To look into rate of the sea degree rise in the Bangladesh, peculiarly, when will the sea degree lift up to one meter? What are the immediate jobs will be raised due to these degrees rise in coastal parts in Bangladesh? What will be the duty for sea degree rise locally and globally?About Global heating2.1 What is the Global heating?Harmonizing to the NASA ( 2010 ) stated that aˆ?Global heating is an addition in the mean temperature of Earth ‘s surfaceaˆ? . Due to the planetary worming, the mean temperature of Earth ‘s surface has been increased about 0.7 to 1.4 grades F ( 0.4 to 0.8 grades C ) since 1800`s, and at the terminal of 2100 the Earth ‘s mean temperature will be increased extra 2.5 to 10.4 grades F ( 1.4 to 5.8 grades C ) which has been estimated by many experts. World Climatologists have analysed that Global heating is making due to heightening Earth ‘s natural nursery effects which taking nursery gas in the ambiance, firing the fossil fuels ( coal, Oil, and natural gas ) , firing of cars in mill, electric power workss that provide energy. Many amendss would be occurred due to the uninterrupted planetary heating, SLR is one of the most unsafe, and most of the coastal country can be flooded. NASA ( 2010 ) .About Sea-level rise3.1 Causes of SLR:Thermal enlargement of the oceans, runing glaciers, and runing ice caps is the chiefly responsible for SLR, which are besides symptoms of planetary heating. When any liquid or ocean addition in temperature, it increases in volume as well which is known by thermic enlargement. When there is runing of glacial and ice cap thaw, it is the net loss of H2O from the organic structure of snow and ice ; if more H2O thaws off the glacier or ice cap during the summer than is accumulated through precipitation during the winter. Mission ( 2010 ) .3.2 Types of SLR:Lewis ( 2000 cited in Mission, 2010 ) â€Å" There are two types of SLR: Eustatic and isostatic. Eustatic SLR responds to major climatic alteration and perchance affected by planetary heating. Isostatic sea degree rise is a localised representation of perpendicular supplantings of land surface with regard to sea levelaˆ? Based on Lewis ( 2000 ) we can make up one's mind that in Bangladesh is affected by eustatic SLR, which is created by the planetary heating.3.3 Global Sea Level Prediction:Measurement of SLR depends on which theoretical account was implemented. Most popular cited theoretical accounts normally used to foretell SLR are Hadley-CM3, MPI, GFDL, and CCCMA. If we find out any scope of informations, which are unmanageable and unpredictable factors that influence SLR. We can foretell the hereafter development engineering, thermic enlargement, planetary heating, clime, and the nursery emanation are such types of factors. Different premises have been aroused due to utilize of the different theoretical accounts. The norm of the scopes was calculated to acquire the most accurate Numberss. Mission 2010 ( 2010 ) Harmonizing to the Kim ( 2006 cited in Mission, 2010 ) :Figure-1: Sea degree rise ( beginning: Mission 2010 ( 2010 ) )The scope of the informations from extremes of.02 metres, Walsh ( 2002 cited in mission 2010 ) to 6 metres, AGI ( 1994, cited in mission 2010 ) . If we omit the lower and upper lineations than the norm, ranges indicate that sea degree will lift 0.944. In the figure-1 the hair's-breadth secret plan and box delineates the 50 % of the scope of complied SLR is 0.48 metres to 1.94 metres. The lineations omitted secret plan, which indicated with ruddy circles. 0.55 is the average, while the norm is 0.944 metres.Methodology4.1 Study Methodology:In order to run into the assignment ‘s information demands and achieve the survey objectives one type of research methodological analysis will be conducted. Due to budget and clip restraints, the type of methodological analysis to be employed is restricted.4.2 Study Based on Secondary Data:The primary phase will dwell of secondary analysis of already bing informations. Literature on SLR in relation to fondness of Bangladesh and other relevant cardinal literature will be reviewed in order to look into the underlying relationship between SLR and cause of amendss in Bangladesh. The beginnings of secondary research are chiefly academic beginning ( Journal article, conference proceedings, working documents and relevant books, etc. ) , organisation ‘s beginning ( as the research is based on one peculiar organisation, information on organisation will be gathered through organisational literature, booklet, website etc ) . Apart from that studies, international studies, scientific diaries, maps and intelligence articles, which are highlighted SLR that related with Bangladesh issues. Data besides will be collected from some surveies of the same field in other portion of the universe.4.3 Data AnalysisData will be collected over the short period. Due to the clip, restriction and cost effectual, no primary informations will be used for this survey. Qualitative and measures data analysis will be conducted in the survey. Sometimes comparative information analysis will be besides conducted.5.1 Who are to be blamed for Global Warming?Increasing temperature expand the ocean volume in two ways. First, in polar parts it ‘s runing mass volume of ice. Second, it creates the ther mic enlargement of the ocean ‘s H2O. Harmonizing to Wigley and Raper ( 1987 ) suggested mentioned that the comparative parts of thermic enlargement and ice thaw through approximately equal functions for enlargement and ice thaw to a dominant enlargement consequence. Therefore, volume of ocean H2O of the Earth and rise in the sea degree are increasing by the two factors. The homo is the chiefly responsible factor for rise of sea degree and planetary heating by combustion of fossil fuels. Trees are the chief responsible factors make balance in the environment by sucking the CO2. Deforestation is another job, which is created by Human as they are cutting many trees for their ain grounds. It has been measured that since 1980, more than 75 % CO2 emanation caused by the human because of fossil fuel combustion and remainder is the cause of agribusiness, deforestation and other human alterations utilizing the land ( Miller, 2004 ) . The development of power and the industrial workss which are firing the 1000s of coal and more than 700 million gasoline-burning motor vehicles which finally contribute the largest current CO2 emanation in the environment. One study revealed that combustion of coal by merely U.S, which exceeded more than combined CO2 emanations of 146 states and its contains 75 % of the universe ‘s people ( Miller, 2004 ) . Compare to U.S. , Bangladesh as a little state is playing compatible function for the emanation of CO2 gas and nursery gas effects.Figure-2 ( beginning: World broad per capita C dioxide emanation ( Data beginning: NAPA, 2002 )Based on the study of National Adaptation Programs of Action ( NAPA, 2002 ) duologue, Bangladesh is merely responsible for emanation of CO2 is 0.2 ton per twelvemonth. Whereas, at the same clip USA entirely responsible for CO2 emanation is 20.0 ton per twelvemonth which is the more than 100 clip than Bangladesh and figure for the other developing states is 1.6, 4.0 and 6.0 severally. Harmonizing to Sarwar ( 2005 ) Stated that aˆ?The OECD, states, with approximately 15 % of the universe population, history for around 44 % of the entire emanation. One state, USA, is entirely responsible for 23 % of the entire annual fossil-fuel C emanation to the ambiance. In contrast, Bangladesh contributes a minuscular 0.06 % ( Warrick at EL, 1993 ) . Based on the NAPA, 2002 and OECD states data analysis, we can stand for that USA is transporting chief responsible function for the CO2 emanation to the atmosphere whereas they are non enduring much like Bangladesh.Figure- Top 20 CO2 emanations states in the universe, each country`s portion of CO2 emanation ( beginning: UCS, 2010 )The Coastal part of BangladeshCoastal Geomorphology of Bangladesh:The definition of seashore zone is where land and sea meet. Bangladesh has long coastal zone, about 710 kilometers by the distance around the Bay of Bengal between Indian and Myanmar boundary lines. The coastal part consists by 19 territory of Bangladesh which include Barguna, Bagerhat, Barisal, Bhola, Chittagong, Chandpur, Cox`s Bazar, Gopalganj, Jessore, Feni, Jhalakati, Khulna, Lakshimpur, Narail, Patuakhali, Pirojpur, Satkhira, Shariatpur and Noakhali. Bangladesh has made one of the most vulnerable states in the universe due to SLR, which is the consequence of planetary heating in term of the geographical location and morphological conditions. More than 10 % of the state seldom 1 m above the average sea degree and one tierce is the under tidal jaunts. There are three distinguishable coastal parts such as western, cardinal, and eastern zones, Ali ( 1999 ) . The universe largest individual piece of land of Rhizophora mangle ecosystem, Sundarbans located in the southwest corner of Bangladesh, which covers 6017km2 at nowadays. The land degree varies in the Sundarbans from 1 m 2 m and flooded during the high tides. Recently research, It has been predicted that due to the SLR there are some little and big islands like Kutubdia, Bhola, Sandwip and Hatia will be for good flooded and Bangladesh will lose its form.Figure-3: Map shows the coastal country and the major river system ( beginning: Ali, 1999 )SLR in Bangladesh:Harmonizing to this ( figure-4 ) , acceleration of sea degree will be the worsted state of affairs for the Bangladesh in the whole existence. If we look at the current state of affairs, where today context entire population is 112 million and entire land country is 134,000 km2. . A three dimensional position of the current coastline and major rivers and possible hereafter sea degrees at 1.5 metre displayed by utilizing Digital t errain patterning techniques. It has been calculated since 1989 that the expected rate of SLR has been increased and it has been anticipated that at present expected rates, this phase will happen in approximately 150 old ages from now.Figure-4: Screening that the anticipation of sea degree rises and affect ( beginning: UNEP, Environmental cognition for alteration, Potential impact of low-lying rise on Bangladesh )Scenario Land Area `000 km2 Population 1989 `000`000 ext Population 2030 `000`000 ext 150 centimeter 22 ( 16 % ) 17 ( 15 % ) 34 ( 15 % ) Bangladesh sum 134 ( 100 % ) 112 ( 100 % ) 224 ( 100 % )Table-5: Potential impact of Sea-level rise on Bangladesh ( Beginning: UNEP/GRID-Arendal,2009, )Geographically, Bangladesh is the most affected state:Harmonizing to the many scientific research, we came to cognize that sea degrees do non lift identically in each geographical part. As a consequence, in some parts sea degrees are expected to lift somewhat more than in others, as the addition in temperature within the different ( verticals ) beds of H2O takes topographic point in different phases. Therefore, geographical place of Bangladesh in this state is situated merely above the sea degree and in the estuary of three big rivers-Brahmaputra, Ganges and Meghan. Floods from the sea every bit good as from rivers spliting their Bankss threaten the state. Furthermore, state of affairs in Bangladesh is intensified by tropical cyclones and monsoon rainfall.Effectss of sea degree rise on the coastal zone of Bangladesh8.1 Salinity invasion on the seashore part in Bangladesh:Coast al part of Bangladesh is called the house of nutrients for Bangladesh, like Barisal, Khulna. However, the chief consequence of SLR in seashore part is scarceness of fresh H2O handiness decrease by salt invasion. Due to the SLR, both H2O and dirt salt along the seashore will be increased, destructing normal features of coastal dirt and H2O. In Bangladesh, coastal people ‘s chief earning beginning is Shrimp ‘s cultivation in the fresh H2O. Due to the SLR and salt invasion as Shrimp ( Peneaus Monodon ) species can non cultivate in coastal part which being investigated in a comparative survey by SRDI ( 1998b, 1998c ) between for the period of 1973 and 1997. Recently study found that Day by twenty-four hours huge figure of countries is converted to saline H2O field. During the twelvemonth 1975, 1987 and 2004 shows that shrimp farm countries has decreased in three coastal territories for salt invasion. During the last 30-years period, salt invasion has degraded land quality and husbandmans can non turn any agricultural harvests in their Fieldss. As a consequence, therefore husbandmans become zero productive landholders, in one sense landless, which their bing saline land.( Figure-6: Soil Salinity Map of Bangladesh of the twelvemonth 1973 ( Beginning: SRDI, 1998 B )( Figure-7: Soil Salinity Map of Bangladesh of the twelvemonth 1997 ( Beginning: SRDI, 1998 degree Celsius )8.2: Affect on Agriculture due to sea degree rise in coastal parts in Bangladesh:A research found that due to the Salinity invasion by SLR will diminish the agribusiness production, which will be affected for inaccessibility of fresh H2O and dirt debasement. Therefore, Ban gladesh has to be faced scarceness of nutrient in future, Sarwar ( 2005 ) . Furthermore, Salinity besides decreases the terminative energy and sprouting rate of some workss ( Rashid et al. , 2004 and Ashraf et al. , 2002 ) . Another research found that The loss of rice production in a small town of Satkhira territory was 1,151metric tones in 2003 and found that rice production in 2003 was 1,151 metric dozenss less than the twelvemonth 1985, matching to a loss of 69 per centum. Ali ( 2005 ) . Harmonizing to World Bank ( 2000 ) , In a survey found that increased salt entirely from a 0.3 meter SLR will do a net decrease of 0.5 million metric dozenss of rice production. Due to certain degree of SLR affects coastal agribusiness, particularly rice production, in two ways, which include due to the salt invasion degrades soil quality that lessening or inhibit rice production and when rice Fieldss are converted into shrimp pools due to SLR most of the land will be flooded by salt H2O.Figure-8 ( a ) : Production country ( % of entire production country of Bangladesh ( beginning: Sarwar, 2009 )Figure-8 ( B ) : Production country ( % of entire production country of Bangladesh ( beginning: Sarwar, 2009 )8.3: Impacts on aquaculture and piscaries in coastal parts in Bangladesh due to SLR:As all territories, which are located in the coastal zone, are vulnerable for SLR, which would be affected, on piscaries and aquaculture in Bangladesh by altering the location of the river estuary, doi ng a great alteration in fish home ground and genteelness land. Due to the SLR would turn this interface rearward, altering home ground of shrimp. Prawn is called the white gold in Bangladesh as Bangladesh is gaining a batch of foreign currency by exporting.Figure-9: impacts on seashore piscaries sector shows in Causal cringle Diagram ( beginning: Sarwar, 2005 )8.4: Problem with Settlement and land mass:The SLR will make job on Bangladesh in the coastal country and through the coastal country, on the whole Bangladesh. About 2 % , 5 % and 10 % with a corresponding figures of 2,500, 8,000 and 14,000 with regard to the entire land country of the state will be lost due to SLR of 0.1m, 0.3m and 1.0m severally. Ali ( 2000 ) . Therefore, 29,846 sq. km country of land will be lost and 14.8 million people will be landless by 1.0 m SLR. IPCC ( 2001 ) .Figure-10: Entire possible land loss by 1.0 m Sea Level Rise ( Beginning: IPCC, 2001 )Figure-11: Entire affected population 1.0 Sea Level Rise ( Beginning: IPCC, 2001 )A survey by Hutton and Haque ( 2003 ) found that people even if displaced 10 times during the period of 1981-1993, because of river bank eroding of the Jamuna River. Therefore, this eroding will do fiscal loss for the displace people to construct their new houses.8.5: Affect on touristry industry:The universe ‘s biggest unbroken sea beach Cox`s Bazar is situated in the coastal territory Cox`s Bazar in Bangladesh, holding the length of 145 Km. Furthermore, there are Kuakata beach in Patuakhali territory, Patenga beach in Chittagong territory are besides situated in the coastal zone in Bangladesh. Hossain and Lin ( 2001 ) . During a survey by the Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation font that 19 per centum of aliens sing Bangladesh are tourers, remainder of them are visit Bangladesh for concern or other official intents. Tourism industry serves the state with economic development at the national degree and at the local degree ; it helps to strength local economic system, civilization, and heritage. Due to the SLR, this promising sector will impact the national economic system and heritage of Bangladesh.8.6: Affect on Security environmental refugees:Barnett ( 2003 cited in Sarwar, 2005 ) suggested that 5.5 million people populating on the Ganges delta in Bangladesh who will be forced to relocate with a 45 centimeter rise in sea degree may seek to travel inland within Bangladesh, but a important figure may seek to travel to neighbouring states India, Myanmar and Pakistan and old migration of this sort has been a factor in force in the part.Figure-12: Ecological refugees by 1.0 m Sea Level Rise ( beginning: Ear th Policy Institute, 2004 )Recently survey has been found that may people have been displaced from their ain place in recent decennaries, which called â€Å" ecological refugees` . Due to the SLR, this will take to make such ecological refugees in the state.Recommendation of possible job solutions due to the sea degree rise9.1: Introduction:Although Bangladesh has about less important part to increase SLR by planetary heating in clime alteration which the consequence of nursery gas emanation, CO2 emanation by firing petrochemical and other activities, it is dry that it has to endure so disastrously from the effects of clime alteration that likely to happen in the coming decennaries. Therefore, Bangladesh has about nil to make in this respect which can cut down planetary heating and finally, consequence is cut downing SLR. As Bangladesh can non take the of import function to cut down SLR which is the consequences of activities of internationally. Therefore, Bangladesh has to origina te two phases of job solutions, such as ( 01 ) Locally ( 02 ) Internationally.9.1: Local job solution stairssOverall all, point of position, in current state of affairs, Bangladesh should necessitate to see both extenuation and version options as extenuation involves planetary attempts to put to death and version is more local. Therefore, in this extroverted unsafe state of affairs, effectual version policies and extenuation steps should be developed and implemented to minimise SLR impact on Bangladesh.9.2 AdaptationBangladesh has three options for version, such as retreat, adjustment, and protection. Bangladesh is well one of the extremely dumbly populated state. Therefore, depending on the future population projections, and deficit of land, retreat is impossible. Unlike, Netherland most of the North and west coastal country has been recovered from sea by run outing system to make a polder. On the other word, version seeks to cut down inauspicious effects of SLR on life beings, including human and environment. Harmonizing to the Chatterjee & A ; Huq ( 2002 ) version policy depends on the engineering, wealth/incomes, proficient cognition and scientific and accomplishments, information, substructure, policy and direction establishments and equity. Bangladesh can implement different version options in different sectors such as to protect the piscaries sector by inverting for the development of coastal piscaries. The authorities of Bangladesh should assist the fishermen be updated about the catastrophe and their responsibilities to minimise the possible loss in the event which can assist by doing a annual program that most of the cyclones in the coastal zone occur in October and May. SLR is great impact on coastal agribusiness like salt invasion, inundation, and harm. As agribusiness has mentionable part to the GDP of Bangladesh. Therefore, if GDP is high plenty for excess allotment of money for research, it will assist to happen out salt tolerate species for agribusiness and of class find out new agribusiness techniques such as drifting agribusiness, which is the best manner to accommodate with the inauspicious state of affairs of sea degree rise. World biggest Rhizophora mangle wood is situated in the southeast coastal zone in the territory of Khulna. If Bangladesh can be arranged proper monitoring in Rhizophora mangle afforestation which can assist to protect dirt eroding because its roots help to pack dirt. As rice is the staple nutrient of the people of Bangladesh, whose production has decreased by the awaited sea degree rise that should increase production by presenting advanced agricultural engineering and by cultivating high output assortments in other parts of the state. Government should affect grass-root degree people with climate alteration adapt which is one of the best manner as Bangladeshi people are really advanced and enterprising and what is the of import is to transport out elaborate scientific surveies, to do the people aware of the at hand dangers, and to develop, along with them methods of version.9.3 Extenuation:In the medical scientific discipline has a celebrated adage that â€Å" bar is better than remedy â€Å" . CO2 emanation is the control is the bar of clime alteration and SLR finally. Although, Bangladesh emits a little volume of nursery gasses, the state should take necessary stairss even to cut down its emanation. On the other manus, control of deforestation and dodo fuel usage is indispensable for the intent. Harmonizing to the IPCC ( 2001a ) indicates the chief nursery gas emanation decrease steps such as: ( I ) . Demand decrease and/or efficiency betterment, ( II ) , Substitution among fossil fuels, ( III ) , Switch to at omic energy, ( IV ) , Switch to biomass ( V ) , Switch to other renewable, ( VI ) , CO2 scouring and remotion, and ( VII ) . Afforestation which Bangladesh should follow its degree best, the above-named seven steps.12.1: Internationally job solution stairss:Kyoto Protocol strengthens in the 1997, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed at Rio in 1992 by perpetrating developed states to cut down their corporate emanation of six cardinal nurseries gases by at least 5 % through the 2008-2012 periods. The Members of the EU Switzerland, most cardinal European provinces need to diminish 8 % ; the USA demand to diminish 7 % ; Canada, Hungary, Japan and Poland need to diminish 6 % , of their emanation, to make the mark but Although the USA later rejected the protocol, 178 states finally reached a binding understanding for its execution of Bonn in July 2001. Carter ( 2001 cited in the Sarwar, 2005 ) Harmonizing the UN ( 2005 ) Global C dioxide emanation was reduced merely 1.7 % from 1990 to 1998 that is the little sum of per centum comparison with the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 which has been already agreed in Kyoto protocol that during 2008-2012 will diminish at least 5 % . Last intergovernmental clime alteration conference has been taken topographic point at Bella Center in Denmark capital Copenhagen on the 6-18 December and the conference name was â€Å" Copenhagen 2009 â€Å" . It was the follow up of the 1997`s Kyoto protocol and desperately met all of the UNFCCC members as it became necessary as clime alteration is traveling up so fast. Kobenhavn 2009 ( 2010 ) . In this conference, as Bangladesh is most affected state should take advantage to acquire fund through UN from developed and states who has more part in CO2 emanation. Due to the non consent of China, India and USA as they are the more CO2 emanation states in the universe. Therefore, Government of Bangladesh should prosecute proper compensation program to acquire fund from top CO2 emanation states through United Nations to protect Bangladesh from the affect of planetary heating.13.1 Decision:Bangladesh will be the largely affected state in the universe due to the SLR, although this state plays really small function in green house gas emanation, taking to climate alteration and SLR. Therefore, Bangladesh authorities should take necessary program and should developed scheme to competitory SLR impacts and therefore safe its citizen. Therefore, development and execution of version policies and taking enterprises for extenuation steps should be taken now and it should non be observe or believe that sea degree will non lift at all, or to wait to see what go on in future.

Thesis1

READING MATERIALS IN DEVELOPING VOCABULARY SKILLS OF FIRST YEAR EDUCATION STUDENTS AT PAMANTASAN NG CABUAYO CABUYAO, LAGUNA: AN ASSESSMENT S. Y. 2011-2012 A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Pamantasan ng Cabuyao Cabuyao, Laguna In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in English by: Magallanes, Neressa B. Manago, Annie Vie A. Minor, Ma. Airene M. Sarinas, Mary Grace C. Villanueva, Elsa L. Villanueva, Lyn G. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The researchers would like to take this opportunity to extend their heartfelt gratitude to those who contributed in the success of the study.To   our   parents   and   family,   for   loving   and   supporting   us   morally   and   financially. To Dr. Gaudencio L. Lat   for   being   considerate   and   understanding   in   the administration   of the   study. To Professor Honeylie Buitre and Professor Mary Grace Laugico, for giving insights and helping us in the statistical treatment. To Professor   Edwin   Paming   for   allowing   us   to   conduct   the   test   during   his   class. To Professor Michelle Morado, for her competent educational guidance and assistance   from   the   very   start   until   the   completion   of   the   study. To Mr.Ronnie Batiao for his assistance, valuable advices, and generous support. To   Ms. Annie Vie Manago,   for   letting   us use   her   laptop   for   the   typing   and   editing of   the   manuscript. To Ms. Elham   Kashef   Saberi   and   Ms. Azadeh   Kashef   Saberi   for   their   help, cooperation   and   generous   support   for   the   completion   of   this   study. To   our   teachers,   for   sharing   their   knowledge   and   intelligence   with   the   researchers. To   our   classmates,   for   sharing   ideas,   concepts   and   even   mom ents   inside   and outside   the   classroom. The Researchers Vocabulary skills, in particular, are important.Why is it important? What are the advantages one can get from gaining a wide range of vocabulary? How do we learn from reading materials? Is reading materials a significant factor in one’s learning ability? It   is   a   fact   that   reading   materials   helps   in   developing   the   vocabulary   skills of   the   students. They   become   well   informed   by   reading   different   reading materials   such   as   educational   books,   journals,   newspapers,   dictionaries,   and magazines. Most   knowledge   is   transmitted   to   the   printed   page   or   electronically through   the   World   Wide   Web.However,   based   on the   results   of   the   study,   exposure   to   reading   materials does   not   necessarily   mean   that   you   are   skilled   in   terms   of   vocabulary. There are many   factors   which   needs   to   be   considered   such   as   the   age,   gender,   preferred reading   material,   reading   styles   and   socio-economic   status. The   main   aim   of   this   study   is   to   determine   how   reading   materials   help develop   vocabulary   skills   of   First   Year   Education   of   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. How does their learning styles, age, socio-economic status affects the development of their vocabulary skills? Summary of Findings:The following are the findings of the study: 1. Majority   of   the   respondents   with   the   frequency   of   38   at   38%   belong   to   17 years of   age. Female   respondents   register   at   a   frequency   of   80   comprising   80%   of   the total   number   of   the   respo ndents. Most   of   the   respondents   belong   to   the   middle class at   a   frequency   of   55%. 2. The   following   are   the   results   of   a   series   of   tests   which   reveals   that   majority   read books with   weighted   mean   of   3. 81,   which   implies   that   the   students   often   read books   rather   than   magazines,   dictionaries,   journals,   and   newspapers. . In   a   series   of   test   conducted,   it   shows   that   book   is   the   common   reading material   read   by   the   students   which   helps   in   developing   vocabulary   skills. 4. The   comparative   analysis  Ã‚   resulted   in   the   significant   relationship   between   the exposure   to   the   different   reading   materials   and   vocabulary skills   development   of the   respondents. 5. The   results   of   the   series   of   the   tests   revealed   that   silent   reading   is   the   preferred   reading   style   of   the   students   which   helps   them develop   their   vocabulary   skills,   with   a   weighted mean   of   2. 3   and   is   verbally   interpreted   as   the   highest   rank   among   other   reading styles. Summary of Conclusions: Based   on   the   above   stated   results   of   the   investigation,   the   following   conclusion are   drawn: 1. A   typical   respondent   of   the   study   is   a   female  Ã‚   First   Year   Education   student   of Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao   belonging   to   the   age   of   17. Furthermore, the   results  Ã‚  Ã‚   showed that   more   or   less   half   of   the   respondents   belong   to   the  Ã‚   middle   class   as   to   their   socio- economic   status   with   a   frequency   of   55   (55%). . The   First   Year Education   students   of   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao   choose   to   read books frequently   rather   than   magazines,   dictionaries,   journals,   and  Ã‚   newspaper  Ã‚   which could   help   them   in   developing   their   vocabulary   skills. 3. The   common   reading   materials   has   no   bearing   on   developing   vocabulary   skills   of  Ã‚   the First   Year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. 4. Different   reading   materials   has   no   bearing   on   developing   vocabulary   skills   of  Ã‚   the First Year   Education   at  Ã‚   Pamantasan ng Cabuyao. 5.Silent,   oral,   and   extensive   reading   are   the   top   three   that   is   most   preferred   reading styles   of   the   First   Year   education   Students   at   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao  Ã‚   that   helps develop   their   vocabulary   skills. Recommendations: Based   on   the   result   and   conclusion   of   the   investigation,   the researchers   hereby recommend   the   following:   1. The   school   must   provide   interesting   reading   materials   appropriate to   the   age   of   the   students  . Therefore,   the  Ã‚   reading   materials must   be   of   general   interest   to   all      readers  Ã‚   both   female   and   male.Reading   materials   that   contains   interesting   facts   and   trivia’s   tend   to   attract   readers   from both   gender. The   results   also   shows   that   most   of   the   students  Ã‚   from   the   College   of Education  Ã‚   belongs   to   the   middle   class,   butà ‚  Ã‚   it   does   not   mean   that   those   students  Ã‚  Ã‚   from low,   higher   and   highest   class   should   be   satisfied   with   their   vocabulary   skills. They   are recommended   to   read   more,   especially  Ã‚   English   in   order   for   them   to   improve   their vocabulary   skills   that   will   be   necessary   in   their   future   professions.It also recommended that the government should provide reading materials in every schools. 2. The  school  must  provide more  interesting  reading materials in the library and the teachers should require to their students to go in the library to read newspapers, journals, magazines, books, and dictionaries. They   will   be   motivated  Ã‚   to   read   if   the   reading   materials   provided   for   them concerns   the   affective   domain. 3. More   reading   and   vocabulary   e xercises   are   recommended   for   further   enhancement   of the   students   vocabulary   skills.Even   though   the   students   preferred   to   read   books   as   the most   common   reading   materials   which   helps   in   developing   vocabulary   skills,   the  Ã‚   teachers should  Ã‚   promote   and   motivate  Ã‚   the   students   to   read   other   reading   materials. Teachers should also motivate the students to read magazines, newspapers, journals and dictionaries. 4. It is recommended that students and teachers must read more different reading materials and make as a daily habit in order to develop their vocabulary skills.Also recommended   that teachers   should   consider   the   different   reading   materials   that   will be   used   and   its   significance, they   should   consider   the individual   differences  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the   stud ents   in   motivating  Ã‚  Ã‚   them   to   read. 5. The  reading  styles of the  students should  continuously indulge  Ã‚   themselves   in   reading   for them  to   improve   their   vocabulary   skills. Although   some of   the  Ã‚   respondents   got   average   scores   in   the   test, it   is   not   a   reason   for   them   to   be satisfied.They   are   still   recommended   to   read   newspaper, magazines, journals, dictionaries, and books   so   they   can enhance   their   vocabulary skills   and   become   effective   teachers   in   the   future. TABLE   OF   CONTENTS PAGE TITLE PAGE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ i APPROVAL SHEET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iii ABSTRACT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ iv TABLE OF CONTENTS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. v LIST OF FIGURES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vi LISTS OF TABLES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. vii Chapter I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGR OUNDIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Background of the Study  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Statement of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Hypotheses of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 Objectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scope and Delimitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. 5 Significance of the Study  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theoretical Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Definition of Terms†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Chapter II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURERelated Local Literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Related Foreign Literature  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Related Local Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Synthesis of Related Literature and Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 Chapter III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research   Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 Respondents   of   the   Study  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data   Gathering   Tools/Instrument†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 Data   Gathering   Procedure Statistical   Treatments   of   DataChapter   IV:   PRESENTATION,   ANALYSIS,   AND INTERPRETATION Profile   of   the   Respondent†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 26 Statistical   Treatment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦27 Reading   Styles   of   the   Respondents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 28 Chapter V:   SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RE COMMENDATION SUMMARY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦32 CONCLUSIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 33 RECOMMENDATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 34 APPENDICES Bibliography Survey   Questionnaire Curriculum   Vitae LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1:   CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM LIST   OF   TABLES 1. Table 1. . The percentage distribution of the respondents according to age. Table 1. 2 The percentage distribution of the respondents according to gender. Table 1. 3The percentage distribution of the respondents according to socio- economic status 2 &3. Table 2&3. Kinds of reading materials, common reading materials and fr equency of reading that helps in developing vocabulary skills. 4. Table 4. Test of Hypothesis for Pearson Correlation Coefficient Value 5. Table 5. Reading styles of the students which helps them develop their vocabulary skills.Chapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction Reading   is   the   basic   tool   in   learning   other   subjects   taught   in   school. It   Ã‚  is   also an   instrument   in   understanding   the   different   subject   areas   like   arithmetic,   science, social studies,   English   and   other  Ã‚   subjects   depending   on   the   ability   to   read. Some   students are able  Ã‚   to   sound   words   although   they   do   not   know   what   the  Ã‚   word   means. In   the   real sense   this   is   not   reading,   what   the   students   do   is   nothing  Ã‚   but   word  Ã‚   calling (Galves,2005).When we read, th ere must be comprehension, otherwise no learning takes  Ã‚   place. Some of the students nowadays are fond of reading books. Some   understand what   the   author   wants   to   convey   while   others   cannot,   others  Ã‚   just   simply   read   it   without analyzing   the   words  Ã‚   used,   or   simply   for   fun   and   entertainment   only. On   the   other   hand, some would consider it as a habit. Reading   books   affect   the   student’s   or   learner’s   way   of   thinking,   the   way   they act, the   way they   communicate and interact with other people.It proves that learning is limitless because some are not contented in one reference only. Reading is a good hobby, yet it needs proper parental guidance to prevent the child or youth in reading books   or   any   reading  Ã‚   material   which   is   inappropriate   for   their   age   level . Students   often get   addicted   in   reading,   especially   pocketbooks,   and   tend   to   disregard   their   assignments and   even   their   duties   at   home. Reading   is   a   good,   meaningful   and   relaxing   way   of   spending   your   past time, instead   of   playing   cards ,   window   shopping,   and  Ã‚   hanging   out   with   friends.By   reading, you   will learn   more,   it   will   broaden   your   mind   and   help   you   understand   what   is   the reality of   life. Sometimes,   it   changes   people’s   perception   or   views   in   life   and   somehow develops   and enhances   good   personality,   because   of   the   ideas   and   knowledge   earned from   what   has   been   read. According   to   Cziko   et   al   (2000)   reading   is   sharing   and   get ting   information   and idea   from   the   text. Many   people   think   of   reading   skills   which   is   taught   once  Ã‚   and   for all   on   few   years   of   school.More often credits (or  blame)   for   students   reading   ability goes   to   primary   teachers. Upper elementary and secondary school teachers at grade level only   need   to   teach   new   concepts   relevant   to   their   students   ability   to   comprehend. See this way, reading  Ã‚   process; readers decode each word in a text and then automatically comprehend   the   meaning   of   the   words   as   they   do   their   everyday  Ã‚   spoken  Ã‚   language. Reading  Ã‚   makes  Ã‚   our  Ã‚   mind   active   because   it   is   significant   to   apply  Ã‚  Ã‚   the   acquired knowledge  Ã‚   in   our   daily   lives.Our  Ã‚   imagination expands  Ã‚  Ã‚   and enhances  Ã‚   our cognitive ability through what the readers have read. Also,   through   reading ,   ability   to   analyze   and evaluate   the   text   to   criticize   or   make   some   conclusion   is   also   developed. In  Ã‚   reading, you  Ã‚   recognize the structure of grammar. A   child   exposed   in  Ã‚  Ã‚   reading   earlier   in   his/her childhood  Ã‚   stage  Ã‚  Ã‚   provides   exercise   in   his/ her   mind. It   Ã‚  also develops their cognitive ability and improves their intelligence.It   is   for   this   reason   that   the   researchers   will   undertake   this   study   and   use the   first   year   Education   students   as   the  Ã‚   respondents;   the   purpose   is   to   find   out   how students   would   cope   with   their   education   by   means of   determining   the   reading materials  Ã‚   that   could   enhance   the   vocabulary   of   the   students. Objectives 1. To determine the vocabulary development of the respondents when grouped according to:    1. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Age 1. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gender 1. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socio-economic status 2. To determine   the   kind   of   reading   materials   being   read   and   the  Ã‚   frequency   of   reading. 3.To   determine   what   reading   materials   commonly   read   by   the   students   helps   in   developing   their   vocabulary   skills. 4. To   determine   the   significant   relationship between   exposure of   different   reading   materials   and   developing   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. 5. To   ascertain  Ã‚   the   reading   styles   of   the   students   in   developing   vocabulary   skills. Statement of the Problem This   study   will   attempt    to   find   out   on   how   reading   materials   help   in   developing the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students/learners   particularly   in selected First   Year   Education students   (BSED and BEEd)   at   PnC.Specifically, the study will be answering the following questions: 1. What   is   the   demographic   profile   of   the   respondents   in   terms   of: 1. 1  Ã‚  Age; 1. 2 Gender; and 1. 2  Ã‚  Socio-economic Status? 2. What kind of reading materials are being read and the frequency of reading? 3. What   are   the   common   reading   materials   read   by   the   students   that   helps   in developing   their   vocabulary   skills:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. 1 Books; 3. 2. Magazines; 3. 3. Journals; 3. 4. Newspapers; and 3. 5. Dictionary? 4.Is   there   any   significant   relationship   of   exposure   in   different   reading   materials   and  Ã‚   developing vocabulary   skills   of   the   students? 5. What   are   the   reading   styles   of   the   students   which   helps   them   to   develop   their  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   vocabulary   skills? Hypothesis of the Study To   be   able   to   answer   the   above   questions,   the   study   divided   the   following hypothesis. Null   hypothesis-   There   is   no   significant   relationship   between   exposure   to   different reading   materials   and   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students.Alternative   hypothesis-   There   is   a   significant   relationship   between   exposure   to different   reading   materials   and   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. Objectives 1. To   determine   the  Ã‚   vocabulary   development   of   the   r espondents   when grouped according  Ã‚   to: 1. 1  Ã‚  Age; 1. 2  Ã‚  Gender 1. 3  Ã‚  Socioeconomic   status 2. To determine   the   kind   of   reading   materials   being   read   and   the     frequency   of   reading. 3. To   determine   what   reading   materials   commonly   read   by   the   students   helps   in   developing   their   vocabulary   skills. . To   determine   the   significant   relationship between   exposure   of   different   reading   materials   and   developing   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. 5. To   ascertain  Ã‚   the   reading   styles   of   the   students   in   developing   vocabulary   skills. SCOPE AND LIMITATION This   study   limits   its   coverage   on   first   year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan ng Cabuyao,   Laguna. It’s   main   purpose   is   to   determine   the   effectiveness   of   reading materials   in   developing  Ã‚   vocabulary   skills   of   the   respondents.In   this   study,   the researchers   limit   the   use   of   English   reading   materials   on   the   following:  Ã‚   educational books,   journals, magazines,   newspapers,   and   dictionary. The   researchers   limits   their   reading styles   in   oral,   silent,   scanning,   skimming,   extensive,   and   intensive   types   of   reading. DELIMITATION This   study   did not cover   other   courses, year   levels, other   reading materials   other   than   educational books,   journals, magazines,   newspapers, and dictionary and   reading   styles   other   than   oral,   silent,, scanning,   skimming,   extensive, intensive   reading   styles of   the   respondents.SIGNIFICANCE   OF   THE STUDY This   res earch   study   wants   to   gain   information   on   the   reading materials   in developing   vocabulary   skills   of   selected   First Year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan ng   Cabuyao,   Laguna,   school   year   2011-2012. This   will   serve   as   the  Ã‚   springboard   or basis   to   improve   the   vocabulary   skills   of   the   students. School Administrators. The   result   can   be   used   as   the   basis   for   providing reading   materials   taking   into   consideration   the   needs   of   college   students in developing their vocabulary skills.School Instructors and Professors. The   findings  Ã‚   of   the   study   could   help instructors   and   professors   to   identify   the   reading   materials   being   used   where   they have   to   apply   certain   techniques   and   strategies   in   relation   of   developing   vocabulary skills. Students. The  Ã‚   result  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the   study   may   provide   the   concerned   pupils how to   broaden   the   vocabulary   skills. Theoretical framework: Robert   Gagne’s   Information   Processing   Theory   or   Information-processing Approach  Ã‚  (1950).The   two   theoretical   ideas   considered   fundamental   to   cognitive  psychology   and   information processing   framework   were   â€Å"chunking†Ã‚   and   the  Ã‚  test-operate- test-exit   (TOTE). Chunk   is   any   meaningful   unit   of   information   and   is   good   or  appropriate   for   the   capacity   of the   short-term   memory,   like   for   example   familiarizing   any  digit,   word,   chess   positions,   or   students’   faces. It   implies   that   short-term   memor y   could  only   hold   5-9   chunks   of   information   either   seven   plus   or   minus   two. TOTE   can   possibly  replace   the   stimulus   response   as   fundamental   unit   of   behavior.Here,   there   is   aconduction   of   testing   cycle   which   is   repeated   for   several   times   to   determine   the   success  of   its   operation   until   the   goal   is   achieved   which   can   be   a   good   foundation   for   problem-  solving   tasks. Origin   of   information   processing   theory   began   in   cybernetics,   game   theory,  communication   theory   and   information   theory   which   gained   its   popularity   when   these  things   reach   their   full   development. This   theory   likened   the   mind   to   a   processing   system  where   knowledge   i s   represented   in   the form   of   symbols.It   is   important   to   study   information-processing   approach   in   order   to   understand how   information   is   encoded,  Ã‚   processed,   stored,   and   retrieved. In  Ã‚  sensory   registers, information   from   external   environment   is   represented   in   its   original   sensory   form   where there   is   a   separate   register   for   each   sensory   modality   like   visual,   auditory,   tactile, kinesthetic,   or   olfactory   that   can   hold   large   amount   of   information,   yet   only   for   a   matter of   milliseconds. Information   can   be   lost   at   the   end   of   that   time   unless   it   can   be described   during   the  Ã‚  pattern   recognition   process.Short-term Memory   System  (STM)   functions   in   two   important   ways:   1)   it organizes   information   by   integrating   new   information   with   the   existing   information   and   2) it   temporarily   stores   information   for   the   learners’   use   (Kameenui,   Carnine,   Dixon, Simmons,   &   Coyne,   2002). Also   known   as   the  Ã‚  working   memory,   the   short-term memory   system   has   a   smaller   capacity,   but   its   representations   are   more durable. In STM,   we   utilize   different   strategies   and   techniques   to   remember   or   solve   problems.Limited   pieces   of   information   only   can   be   stored,   and   for   a   short   period   of   time. On the   other   hand,   if   we   do   some   cognitive   operations   on   the   data,   we   can   store   them in   the  Ã‚  long-term   memory  (LTM). Data   that   is   stored   at   the   LTM   is   expected   to   be stored   indefinitely,   and   is   labeled   as   verbal   or   visual   information   for   future   use; it includes   the   episodic   and   semantic   knowledge. There   are   several   ways   to develop/strengthen   the   short-term   memory   system   these   are   repetition,   chunking, identification   of   logical   patterns   Brownell (2002).The   Long-term   Memory   System  Ã‚  (LTM)   is   a   warehouse   of   knowledge. It   is   also known   as   data   bank   that   stores   information   likened   to   a   floppy   disk,   hard   desktop   USB that   stores   huge   amount   of   information. When   we   perceive   something   with   our   sensory modalities,   we   are   able   to   form   and   arrange   information   in to   meaningful   order   as   we progressively   make   connections   in   our   brain. The   group   of   neurons   help   us   integrate knowledge,   arrange   it,   and   utilize   it   in   a   meaningful   context   so   we   can   understand   the everyday   occurrences.For   sensory   input   to   be   effective,   all   our senses   should   be   fully operational. A   student   who   cannot  Ã‚   see   or   hear   better   is   not   in   better   condition   to   attend to   and   process   the   environmental   stimuli. Brownell   (2002)   also   identified   certain   LTM techniques   they   are   association,   categorization,   mediation,   imagery,   and   mnemonics. Aquino (2009). According to Lockhart (2000)   that   in   recall,   you   produce   a   fact,   a   word,   or   other item   from   me mory. Fill-   in   -the-   blank   tests   require   that   you   recall   items   from   memory.In   recognition,   you   select   or   otherwise   identify   an   item   as   being   one   that   you   learned previously. Working   memory   holds   only   the   most   recently   activated  Ã‚   portion   of   long-term memory,   and   it   moves   these   activated   elements   into   and   out   of   brief,   temporary   memory storage   ( Dosher). Conceptual   Framework: Input Process Output Definition   of   Terms The   following   words   are   used   operationally   in   this   study: Communication.This   refers   in   giving   or   receiving   of   information,   this   can   be   done   by gestures,   writings   and   by   talking. Comprehension. This   refers   to   the   readers   understanding   to   what   the   author   has   written. according   to   the   expert,   it   requires the   fusion   in   meanings   of   separate words  Ã‚   into   chain   of   related   ideas. Decode  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Figure out how to pronounce. Education  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ This refers to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, abilities and attitude, through instruction   and   training. Effectiveness. This   word   refers   to   an expected   response. It   is   synonymous   to   the word  Ã‚   success.Extensive reading. Comprehensive  Ã‚  reading   of   long   texts   or   books   for   the expres purpose   of   discerning   global   meaning   images   is   the   art   of   extensive reading. It   is   reading   imaginatively,   creatively,   and   critically. Intensive reading. This reading strategy which is   characterized   by deliberate attention and   Ã‚  Ã‚  deep   concentration. It   is   reading   for   details. Learning. This   refers   to   the   psychological   activity   in   development   such   as acquisition   Ã‚  of  Ã‚   symbol   knowledge   or   motor   skills,   and   as   intellectual and   Ã‚  creative   process.Long   term   memory. Warehouse   of   knowledge   and   also   known   as   data   bank   that   stores information  Ã‚   likened   to   floppy   disk,   hard   disk,   or   USB   that   stores huge  Ã‚   amount   of   information. Reading. Refers   to   the   recognition   of   printed   or   written   symbol,   which   serve as stimuli  Ã‚   for   the   recall. Reading  Ã‚   Interest. This   refers   to   the   pleasure   or   enjoyment   of   someone   when   interprets or understand   a   reading   materials. Sensory  Ã‚   Register. Information  Ã‚  Ã‚   from external environment is represe nted   in   its   original sensory  Ã‚   form.Scanning. The research for a specific information or for an appropriate answer to a particular question is referred to as scanning. Skimming. As   a  Ã‚   strategy,   skimming   refers   to   the   method   of   glancing   rapidly through  Ã‚  the   reading selection or text for the purpose of   extracting   the thought , the   gist   or   main   points. Short   term memory. Temporarily stores information for the learner’s use, also known as  Ã‚   the  working   memory. It   has   a   smaller   capacity   but   its representations  Ã‚   are   more   durable. Chapter 2RELATED   LITERATURE   AND   STUDIES The   literature   that   follow   are   taken   from   different   authors   that   enlighten   the researchers   on   angle   and   aspects   of   the   current   study. RELATED   LITERATURE Local   Literature Rea ding   is   a   dynamic   process   in   which  Ã‚  Ã‚   the   reader   interacts   with   the   text   to construct  Ã‚   meaning. Inherent   in   constructing   meaning   is   the   reader's   ability   to   activate prior   knowledge   use reading   strategies   and   adapt   to   the   reading   situation. (Ma. Cecilia Crudo 2005) Foreign   LiteratureThe   importance   of   vocabulary   to   life   success   makes   it   of   practical   importance   for Investigation   (Hoff 2007). Executive   functioning   refers   to   a   variety   of   related   cognitive   skills   that   involve   the ability   to   maintain   task-relevant   information   in   short-term   memory,   as   well   as   the   ability to   manipulate   this   information   through   the   engagement   of   focused   attention   (National Institute   of   Child   Health   and   Human   Development   Early   Child   Care   Research   Network [NICHD ECCRN],   2005;   Wolfe   Bell,   2007).Among   these   skills   are   working   memory and   cognitive   inhibitory   control,   both   of   which   are   associated   with   frontal   lobe   function. Children   who   are   able   to   engage   in   goal-directed   behavior   by   reducing   their   attention   to distracting   stimuli,   either   internal   or   external,   demonstrate   such   skills. When   in   a   learning situation   with   other   children   or   adults,   increasing   levels   of   shyness   may   be   associated with   a   decreased   ability   to   focus   attention   on   the   task   at   hand.Exploration   of,   and   engagement   with,   the   environment   fosters   the   developm ent   of vocabulary   (Hart, 2004; Horn & Blankson, 2005;). Family environments provide opportunities for the development of vocabulary. Individuals   who are   reared   in   home   environments   that   encourage   exploration   have   many   opportunities   for the  Ã‚   development   of   vocabulary.Indeed,  Ã‚   research  Ã‚   has   repeatedly   supported   the proposition   that   opportunities   for   productive   activity—the   extent   to   which   toys   and learning   materials   are   available   in   the   home   environment,   along   with   the   extent   to   which parents   directly   teach   their   child   concepts   and   take   their   child   to   places   and   events   that provide   enrichment–are   positively   related   to   vocabulary   (Bradley & Corwyn, 2005; Bradley,Corwyn, Burchinal, McAdoo, & Garcia Coll, 2001 ;).Research   also   indicates   that   engagement   in   productive   activities   is   related   to   attention focusing   and   memory,   both   of   which   are   elements   of   executive   functioning   (NICHD ECCRN, 2005). Swerling   (2005)   opines   that   reading   of   text-such   as   books, magazines   and newspapers,   plays   a   key   role   in   developments   of   reading   fluency   (speed   and   ease   of reading),   vocabulary,   background   and   even   spelling.Memory   is   the   means   by   which   we   retain   and   draw   on   our   past experiences   to use   that information   about   past   experience( Tulving 2000; and   Craik,2000). As   process, memory   refers   to   the   dynamic   mechanisms   associated   with   storing,   retaining,   and retrieving   information   about   past   experience (Hernandez Blase, 2003). Specifically,   cognitive psychologist   have   identified   three   common   operations   of   memory:   encoding,   storage,   and retrieval(Baddeley,2000).According   to Lockhart,(2000)   that   in   recall,   you   produce   a   fact,   a   word,   or   other item   from   memory. Fill-   in   -the-   blank   tests   require   that   you   recall   items   from   memory. in   recognition. RELATED   STUDIES Foreign   Studies According   to   Ehri and Rosenthal (2011),  Ã‚  an   experiment   with   different   assignments was   conducted   to  Ã‚   examine   the   effectiveness   of   a   technique   to   acquire   unfamiliar   English vocabulary   words   during   text   reading.Lower   socio-economic   status,   language   minority fifth   graders   (M = 10   years,   7   months   n = 62)   silentlyà ‚   read   eight   passages   each   focused on   an   uncommon   multi-syllabic   word   that   was   underlined,   embedded   in   a   meaningful context,   defined,   depicted,   and   repeated   three   times. Students   were   grouped   by   word reading   ability,   matched   into   pairs,   and   randomly   assigned   to   one   of   two   conditions. In the   strategy   condition,   students   orally   pronounced   the   underlined   words   during   silent reading.In   the   control   condition,   students   penciled   a   check   if   they   had   seen   the underlined   words   before   but   did   not   say   the   words   aloud. Results   of   ANNOVAs   showed that   the   oral   strategy   enhanced   vocabulary   learning   (ps ; . 01),   with   poorer   readers showing   bigger   effect   sizes   than    better   readers   in   remembering   pronunciation-meaning associations   and   spellings   of   the   words. In   a   second   experiment,   32   fifth   graders   from the   same   school   described   the   strategies   they   use   when   encountering   uncommon   words   in context.Better   readers   reported   more   word-level   strategies   whereas   poorer   readers reported   more   text-based   strategies. Our   explanation   is   that   application   of   the   word-level strategy   of   decoding   new   words   aloud   strengthened   connections   between   spellings, pronunciations,   and   meanings   in   memory   compared   to   silent   reading   of   new   words, particularly   among   poor   readers   who   were   less   skilled   and   less   likely   to   use   this   strategy unless   Ã‚  instruc ted   to   do   so.According   to   Derakhshan and Shahrzad (2011),   a   solid   body   of   research   findings substantiates   that   most   vocabulary,   in   first,   second   or   foreign   language,   is   learned incidentally   which   is   defined   as   learning   vocabulary   as   a   by-product   of   any   activity   not precisely   geared   to   vocabulary   learning.Therefore,   the   present   study   mainly   focused   on the   effect   of   teaching   and   intervention   in   deriving   word   meaning   on   incidental   vocabulary learning   in   EFL   context;   secondly,   it   aimed   to   find   out   whether   the   contextualized   words that   appear   with   more   clues   learned   better   and   consequently   kept   longer;   finally,   it sought   to   explore   whether   instructio n   could   lead   to   increase   in   incidental   vocabulary learning   in   the   text. To  Ã‚   these   ends,   50   freshmen   Iranian   college   students   from   Teacher Training   University   of   Azerbaijan   participated   in   this   study.These students enrolled for the reading class in   two   separate   semesters. The results   of   the   TOEFL   and   Vocabulary Level   Test   (VLT)   revealed   that   the   participants   enjoyed   approximately   the   same   level   of proficiency. There   were   two   post-tests   which   were   taken   at   certain   time   intervals. The results   of   this   study   showed   that   the   instruction   in   deriving   word   meaning   had   positive effect   on   students'   incidental   vocabulary   learning. Also   it   was   concluded   that   students should   meet    the   words   in   contextualized   forms   more   frequently   in   order   to   keep   and retain   them   in   the   long   run.Beck,   McKeown and Kucan, (2002), there   is   tremendous   need   for   more vocabulary   instruction   at all   grade   levels   by   all   teachers. The   number   of   words   that students   need   to   learn   is   exceedingly   large; on   average   students   should   add   2,000  Ã‚   to 3,000   new   words   a   year   to   their   reading   vocabularies. Students who enter school   with limited   vocabulary   knowledge. At   first-grade, high – performing   students,   but   that differential   gets   magnified   each   year, resulting   in igh-performing   12th   grade   students knowing   about   four   times   as   many   words   as   the   low-performing   12th graders(Hart and Risley, 2001). According   to   Hirch(2003), word   knowledge   is   crucial   to   reading   comprehension and   determines   how   well   students   will   be   able   to   comprehend   the texts   they   read   in middle  Ã‚   and   high   school. Comprehension  Ã‚   is far more than  Ã‚   recognizing words and remembering  Ã‚   their  meanings. However,   if   a   student’s   does   not   know   the   meanings   of   a sufficient   proportion   of   the   words   in   the   text,   comprehension   is   impossible.Vocabulary experts   agree   that   adequate   reading   comprehension   depends   on   a person   already knowing   between   90   and   95   percent   of   the   words  Ã‚   in   a text. Knowing at   least   90 percent   of   the   words   enable   the   reader   to   get   the   main   idea   fro m   the  Ã‚   reading   and guess what   many   of   the   unfamiliar   words   mean,   which   will   help   them   learn   new   words. Readers  Ã‚   do   not   recognize   at   least   90   percent  Ã‚  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the   words   will   not   only  Ã‚   have difficulty   comprehending   the   text,   but   they   will   miss   out   on   the   opportunity   to   learn   new words.Piksuki  Ã‚   and   Chard   (2003),   young   children   naturally   learn   to communicate through listening  Ã‚   and  Ã‚   speaking. In order   to   make   the   transition   to   communicating   through   reading and  Ã‚   writing,   they   need   a   large   meaning   vocabulary   and effective decoding  Ã‚   skills. There   is an  Ã‚   abundance   of  Ã‚   research   evidence   to   show   that   an   effective   decoding  Ã‚   strate gy   allow student   not   only   to   identify   printed   words   accurately   but   to   do   so   rapidly   and automatically. Juel  Ã‚   at   al. 2003)   showed   that   while   teachers  Ã‚   in   kindergarten spent  Ã‚   considerable time   reading   and  Ã‚   discussing   books  Ã‚   to   children   with   below   average  Ã‚   vocabularies,   these activities   had   minimal   impact   on   the   progress   of   the   children. Only   when   teachers   spent focused   on   time   on   the   vocabulary   did   significant   growth   occur . We   apply   the   term â€Å"instructional   read   aloud†Ã‚  Ã‚   to   read   aloud   events   where,   to   stimulate   an   interest   in   books in   reading,   there   also   a   deliberate   teaching   of   skills   that will   promote   independence   in reading,    such   as   an   increased   vocabulary.Local   studies According   to  Garcia (2006)  Ã‚  if   children   will not   read,   they   are   less   likely   to   develop automatically,   vocabulary   and   concepts   about   the   world   as   well   as   intrinsic   motivation   to read. In   a   book   by   Villamin   et   al,   (2001)   different   levels   of   thinking   was   classified with   interaction   between   the   reader   and   the   text   may   occur,   which   are   literal,   inferential, critical,   and   creative. However,   it   is   in   the   creative   level   of   comprehension   that   the reading,   in   its   fullest   sense,   is   said   to   truly   occur.Dr. Thomas   C. Barrett   developed   a   taxonomy   now   popular   known as   â€Å"The   Barrett   Taxonomy   of   Re ading   Comprehension†Ã‚   to   meet   the   needs   of   teachers and   instructional   materials   developers  Ã‚  Ã‚   who   wanted   a   systematic,   structural   approach   to teaching   reading   skills. (Alcantara   et   al, 2003) Literal   comprehension   is   the   understanding   of   surface   meanings   or   idea   that are   explicitly   printed   in   reading   materials. It   is   merely   determining   what   the   writer   or idea   that   are   explicitly   printed   in   reading   material.It   is   merely   determining   what   the is   conveying. Comprehending   at   the   inferential   level   involves   determining   relationships and   drawing   from   these   the   writer’s   intended   meanings   which   are   implied   in   the   reading material. Reading   at   the   critical   level   requires   the   reader   to   judge   the   worth   of   ideas presented   and   the   effectiveness of   presentation. Reading   at   the   creative   level   involves   the integration   of  Ã‚   bright   ideas   read   with   prior   knowledge   and   experience   so   that   the   new ideas   and   deeper   insights   are   formed.This   levels   of   comprehension   follow   an   ascending sequence   of   difficulty  Ã‚   and   complexity   of   thinking – with   literal   comprehension   as   the lowest   level   while   creative   comprehension   at   the   highest. Thus,   comprehension   is   not   just â€Å"understanding,†Ã‚  Ã‚   but   feeling   the   emotional   experience   embedded,   reasoning,   judging,   and creating. This   thinking   processes   may   not   necessarily follow   a   hierarchal    sequence   for   the reason   that   comprehension   may   occur   any   level   of   thinking. All   reading   require   a considerable   amount   of   understanding   the   literal   sense â€Å"of   what   is   read.    And   fully   gain   from   the   reading   experience   and enjoy   it   as   well,   the reader   must   go   beyond   the   literal   level   of   comprehension   and   reach   the   heights   of   the creative   level. In   some   classroom,  Ã‚  teachers   are   trying   out   several   techniques   to   see   which would   facilitate   comprehension   –   language   experience,   dimensional   approach,   program instruction,   diagnostic   – prescriptive   method,   semantic   webbing/mapping,   story   grammar etc. The   last   approach   seems   to   offer   possibilities   of   integrating   some   basic communication   skills   that   enhance   comprehension.A   careful   scrutiny   however,   reveals that   the   grammar   is   not   an   entirely   new   technique. (Alcantara et al, 2003) Assessment   of   Related   Literature   and   Studies The   related   literature   summed –   up   has   significant   relationship   with   the   present  study   for   the   reason   of   presenting   the   definition   of   the   word   reading   and   its   significance  in   vocabulary   development,   the   importance   of   interests   in   reading   and   it   also   enumerated  different   reading   materials   which   is   subject   of   this   present   day.The   study   conducted   by  foreign   and   local   researchers   has   bearing   because   of the   other   similarities    of   other  variables   with   the   present   study. The     researchers   of   the   present   study   cleared   that   there  is   no   duplication,   the   similarities   are   necessary   to   find   out   if   the   findings   are   true   and  valid   in   other   places. Synthesis In reading, one must  possess  a  wide  range  of  vocabulary. A reader’s vocabulary is valuable in reading comprehension. A   reader   with   a   good   amount   of   words   in   his vocabulary   is   able   to   grasp   the   meaning   of   the   words.One   disadvantage   of   a   poor vocabulary   is   the   reader   will   consume   more   time   in   searching   for   the   meaning   of   a certain   word. Chapter 3 RESEARCH   METHODOLOGY The   objective   of   the   research   would   not   be   realized   without   a   plan   or   strategy. This   chapter   presents   the   method,   instrument   use,   source   of   data,   validation, administration,   and   collection   of questionnaires,   presentations   of   the   respondents   of   the study,   and   the   statistical   treatment   of   the   data. Research   DesignThe   researchers   used   the   descriptive   method   of   research   to   elicit   answer   to   the statement   of   the   problem   in   the   study. Descriptive   research   is   defined   by   Arevalo (2005),   as   a   fact   finding   research with   sufficient   interpretation. The   researchers   used   this   research   design   because   the   main purpose   of   descriptive  Ã‚   method   is   to   measure   the   variable   or   factors   in   a   certain   study. Thus,   this   surv ey   can   measure   the  Ã‚   vocabulary   skills   of   Education   students   at Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. Respondents  Ã‚   of  the  StudyThe  Ã‚   subject  of  Ã‚   this  study   consisted   of selected First   Year   Education   students   at Pamantasan  Ã‚   ng   Cabuyao. Their   total   Ã‚  population  Ã‚   is   equal   to   130. The   proponents   is   able to   select   98   of   its   members 75%  Ã‚  of   their   total   number. In   simple   random   sampling   technique   was   utilized   in   choosing   the   sample members. In   determining   sample   size,   the   Slovin’s   formula   was   used. The   computation   of the   sample   size   was   given   below. N=  Ã‚  Ã‚   =  =  = 98 Where   n =   sample   size;   N = population   size;   and   e = margin   of   error   (either   0. 01   or   0. 05) Development  Ã‚   of   Research   InstrumentsIn  Ã‚  Ã‚   preparation  Ã‚   of  Ã‚   the  Ã‚   questionnaire   the   major   research  Ã‚   instrument  Ã‚   used  Ã‚  Ã‚   by   the researchers   is   the   consultation   of   several   knowledgeable   persons and   gathering   of information   through   educational   books. The   researchers   also   make   it   a   point   that   the items   are   sufficient   enough  Ã‚   to   answer   all the   specific   questions   under   the statement   of   the problem. After   the   final   draft   of   the   questionnaire,   the   researchers   submitted   it   to   the thesis   adviser   for   necessary   corrections,   after   which   it   was   finalized. Data   Gathering   ProcedureThe   researchers   conducted   this   study   and   gathered   data   by   distributing que stionnaires   to   be   answered   by   selected   respondents. Before   working   on   this   research, the   researchers   asked   the   permission   of   the   Dean   of   College   of   Education   at   Pamantasan ng   Cabuyao   to   conduct   the   study   through   the   distribution   of   questionnaire   to   the respondents. After   the   researchers   has   secured   the   letter   of   permission   from   the   Dean,   the researchers   personally   administered   the   distribution   of   questionnaire   to   the   respondents   in their   respective   classroom.After   the   respondents   had   answered   the   questionnaire,   the   researchers   checked   the answer   sheets. The raw scores were collected and tallied in tables. The results were analyzed and interpreted in the light of the goals of the   study. Validation   ofà ‚   Research   Instrument For   validation   purposes,   the   researchers   read   several   theses   and   consulted   English teachers   for   the   questionnaire. It   was   validated   through   the   students   of   the   same   level from   other   school   before   it   was   administered   to   the   respondents. Statistical Treatment of DataAfter  Ã‚   the   data   gathering,   the   data   were   tallied,   analyzed,   and   interpreted   using statistical   tools. To   determine   if  Ã‚   there   is   a   relationship   between  Ã‚   exposure  Ã‚   to  Ã‚   reading  Ã‚   materials  and  Ã‚   vocabulary  Ã‚   skills   of     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Selected   First Year   Education   students   at   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao ,the correlation  Ã‚   was  Ã‚   established  Ã‚   using  Ã‚   Pearson  Ã‚   Coefficient  Ã‚   of Correlation. (http://davidmlane. com/hyperstat/A51911. html) The formula is Where: N –  number of respondents X –  first variable Y  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  second variable r   -relationship The   following   are   the   statistical   treatment   applied   in   the study.The   frequency   and percent   distributions   were   used   in   presenting   the   reading   materials   in   developing   the vocabulary   skills   of   first   year   education   students   of   Pamantasan   ng   Cabuyao. The percentage   formula   is: %=  Ã‚   x 100% Total   frequency 1. Percentage 2. Weighted   mean 3. Pearson   Value Interpretation   for   Computed   Mean |Weighted   Mean |Interpretation |Symbol | |0. 505-1. 500 |Never |N | |1. 505-2. 00 |Seldom |Se | |2. 505-3. 500 |Sometimes |So | |3. 505-4. 500 |Often |O | |4. 505-5. 500 |Always |A | 4. Test   of   Hypothesis Tc   l = r Decision   rule: At   5%   level   of   significance, If   tc