Meiji Strategy For Economic Growth Essays - Empire Of Japan

Meiji Strategy For Economic Growth Essays - Empire Of Japan Meiji Strategy for Economic Growth The Meiji government during the 1880's created both an institutional and constitution structure that allowed Japan in the coming decades to be a stabile and industrializing country. Two major policies and strategies that reinforced stability and economic modernization in Japan were the creation of a national public education system and the ratification of the Meiji constitution. Both these aided in stability and thus economic growth. The creation of a national education system aided in creating stability because it indoctrinated youth in the ideas of loyalty, patriotism, and obedience. Japan's education system at first stressed free thought and the ideas of individual's exploration of knowledge but by 1890 the education system of Japan became a tool for indoctrination into what Peter Duus calls "a kind of civil religion" with the Imperial Rescript on Education. This Rescript stressed two things. First, it stressed loyalty to the emperor and to a lesser extant to the state. In every classroom a picture of the emperor was placed. Second, the education system stressed self sacrifice to the state and family. Filial piety was taught in schools and applied not only to the family but also to the national family which included father, teacher, official and employer. The Japanese education system also created a system of technical schools and universities both public and private that educated a growing class of Japanese on how to use new western machinery, administrate government and run private industries. The Japanese education system following the Rescript on Education served primarily to teach people what to think and not how to think; and as Edwin Reischauer stated, "Japan pioneered in the modern totalitarian technique of using the educational system for indoctrination and was in fact decades ahead of countries like Germany in perfecting these techniques." Japan's education system was a tool in creating for Japan a reliable citizenry who respected the government and had the knowledge to act as "technically efficient clogs" in the new industries and administration that an industrializing state created. The ratification of the Meiji constitution drafted in the summer of 1887 and signed into law in 1889 helped create a stable constitutional order in Japan. The constitution was a gift of the emperor to the people and was made up of a complicated set of checks and balances between the emperor, his cabinet, and the Diet. The constitution although it granted voting rights to only one percent of the population in Japan was well received by the people and played a critical role in lending legitimacy to the oligarchy (Genro) who ran the government. Before the constitution the Genro had little basis in theory for their continued rule other then they spoke for the emperor. But the constitution with its elections and bicameral diet lender legitimacy to the rule of the oligarchy. The constitution also brought Japan at least in the minds of the oligarchy to parity with western political institutions. Indeed, the ruling group in Japan passed the constitution through not because of popular pressure but because they thought a constitution and parliamentary government was a necessary part of the political machinery that helped make western powers strong. In the long term the parliamentary government of Japan and its constitution provided a stable government with its mix of oligarchy, monarchy, and a little democracy for the wealthy. It ensured investors and the Zaibutsu a say in government and promoted growth by creating a stabile government that was critical to ensuring investors will put capital in businesses. Both the new education and governmental structure of Japan passed in the 1880's and 1890's was essential to Japanese stability and economic and industrial growth.

Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology

Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology Enterprise Integration Methods It has been noted by some practitioners that over the last few years that there has been significant growth in the importance of enterprise integration. This fact is especially given the fact that many organizations are becoming increasingly reliant on information technology (IT) (Lam and Shankararaman 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This position suggests a need to ensure both business processes and technology systems are coordinated in a strategic manner. The increased reliance on IT provides a competitive edge though in some cases businesses require some level of IT to function. In the past organizations the required IT applications developed these as standalone systems. Such systems were often developed to address specific functional domains such as sales, marketing, personnel, manufacturi ng and billing (Lam and Shankararaman 2). The result of this individual approach to systems design resulted in several hundreds or even thousands of separate IT applications. As business evolved there emerged a need to integrate these separate IT applications to be evolved to support additional business requirements (Lam and Shankararaman 2). For example, the need to automate the transfer of customer details from a sales system to a billing system. For this reason integration of IT applications was expensive and time consuming. This piecemeal integration approach led to organizations facing problems owing to a massive application with several custom interfaces. The maintenance of such systems was expensive and thus created the interest for enterprise integration (Lam and Shankararaman 2). Enterprise integration can be defined as strategic consideration of processes, methods, tools and technologies associate with the achievement of interoperability both within and external to the ent erprise with the goal of enabling collaborative business processes (Lam and Shankararaman 2). This integration is not only about technology but also considers business processes that cut across business applications. For this reason enterprise integration is business driven. Enterprise integration involves process, service, application, data and presentation integration. There are a number of approaches that have been suggested for enterprise integration including batch, point-to-point, broker-based and business-process integration (Lam and Shankararaman 13).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More GERAM In response to the need for enterprise integration a variety of integration approaches have come in to existence. Among these is the Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology also known as GERAM. The basis of this approach is the creation of a general architecture inclu ding tools, methods and models required to develop and maintain the integrated enterprise (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). Such tools are supposed to be useful in integration a single enterprise or even a network of enterprises. The GERAM framework is thus considered a suitable solution for all types of enterprises. The general approach used in the framework suggests previously published architecture can maintain identity while identifying through GERAM (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). The GERAM framework is meant to unify methods from various disciplines such as management science, industrial engineering, etc., making them useful as a unit (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). The most noteworthy aspect of the GERAM model is the fact that it provides the ability to unite enterprise integration efforts. This is due to the fact that GERAM allows for integration of models based on products with those based on business processes (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). ZACHMAN EAF This approach was des igned by John Zachman in the 80’s and focuses on the architectural framework based on several functional components (Radaideh and Al-Ameed 48). This model is based on a two dimensional framework and suggests the problem of enterprise integration can be tackled by separation of concerns. The use of the two dimensional framework allows the decomposition of the problem into a number of distinct partitions. Once this decomposition has been achieved it becomes possible to address the finer issues in relation to a specific partition (Hesselbach and Herrmann 544). This framework was designed to describe any idea that difficult to understand. The model is widely used for enterprise architecture modeling and consists of a 6X6 matrix (Hesselbach and Herrmann 545). Through this framework it is possible to capture different aspects of a given sustainability standard. Each cell in the model contains a description of what information should be captured and how it should be expressed. For t his reason models in separate cells can exist independently though this does not infer they have no relationships.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture Methodology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to its compartmentalized approach this framework is widely used for documentation and/or development of enterprise wide information system architecture (Wout, Waage, Iartman, Stahlecker, and Iofmann 162). The use of traditional practices used in architecture and engineering form the basis for this framework. As a result of such a background, the framework’s vertical axis adds many perspectives in relation to the overall architecture. On the other hand, the horizontal axis of the framework classifies artifacts related to the architecture. The framework targets the creation of wholesome independent artifacts which in turn contribute to the completion of the whole integratio n process (Wout et al., 162). FEAF This approach was originally developed to integrate the Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) with various to enable various Federal Organizations and their respective architectures (Saha 3). It was initially designed as a business based framework that would facilitate efforts to transform the U.S. Federal Government to one that is citizen based, results oriented and market based. This framework is supposed to provide an approach for identification, development and specification of architecture descriptions of high priority areas. The establishment of such a framework gives consideration to core components such as architecture drivers, strategic direction, and target architecture, among others (Saha 3). These components were found important to the development and maintenance of the FEA. The FEA target is the creation of a Meta architecture framework that will allow interoperability between independently developed, maintained and managed architectur es (Goikoetxea349). The framework defines expected principles that govern interoperability, conformance and migration that are used across the Federal government. It is believed that through this FEAF mandate the Federal government can promote sharing of information, encourages development of enterprise frameworks within FEAF guidelines and promotes efficiency (Goikoetxea349). This approach comes with a number of advantages such as economies of scale through sharing of services, improved consistency and ease in capture and dissemination of elements (Goikoetxea349). DODAF This approach also seeks to standardize the methods and processes modeling of large government based organizations. Just as FEAF serves the US Federal government, this approach targets the Department of Defense (Blokdijk 24). This framework seeks to integrate systems such as those concerned with weapons, information systems dealing with procurement and deployment, consolidation of various sub agencies, unification o f organizational goals and conducting global operations based on a single command system (Blokdijk 24).Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given that such tasks are often large and complicated there is a need to have in place a defined systems framework to promote cohesion throughout the organization. The system is unique in that it offers a variety of architectural views that complement all major initiatives of the organization (Blokdijk 24). The architecture is designed to serve military operations as well as civilian operations. The framework provides a set of standards, specifications and technologies that strongly promote inter agency cooperation and seamless teamwork. The framework is based on the premise that any architecture can be described in three views namely, systems view, operational view and technical view (Goikoetxea 287). The operational view describes the participants and the information they may require to exchange. The systems view describes hardware and software requirements needed to complete the operations. The technical standards view lists the interface standards and other rules that the system must satisfy (Goikoetxea 288). The architecture is built on the philosophy that architectures should be built with their purpose in mind. In addition to that, architectures should facilitate and note impede communication between people. It is also based on the principle that architectures should be readable and allow integration of multiple architectures. Lastly it is believed that all architectures should comply with the framework sufficiently to enable the achievement of the first three principles (Goikoetxea 288). Based on these above principles architecture description according to DODAF is a six step process. The first step is to determine the use of the intended architecture. The second step is determination of the scope of the architecture. The third step is determination of characteristics to be captured. The fourth step is the determination of views and products to be constructed. The fifth step is construction of recommended products. The final step is the use of the arch itecture for the intended purpose (Goikoetxea 289). Conclusion In the course of this report several approaches to Enterprise Integration have been discussed. The main reason that Enterprise Integration has become a matter of concern has been traced to the increased reliance on Information Technology by many businesses around the world (Lam and Shankararaman 1). In light of this position it becomes apparent that there is a need to integrate these standalone systems to better facilitate information exchange. In the attempts to integrate enterprises some government agencies such as the US Federal Government and the Department of Defense have established frameworks to facilitate integration (Blokdijk 24). Whereas such frameworks have been established and can be used by both government agencies and civilians, they come with the disadvantage that they also suggest the creation of additional enterprise integration frameworks (Goikoetxea 289). This position is not very favorable given that the proliferation of frameworks appears to mimic the scenario that saw the proliferation of thousands of standalone systems. Given that proliferation of enterprise integration frameworks does not appear a suitable solution it appears there is a need for a generalized framework which can serve the needs of all users. For this reason it would appear that the development of GERAM is a suitable and lasting solution to the problem. The basis of this approach is the creation of a general architecture including tools, methods and models required to develop and maintain the integrated enterprise (Bernus, Nemes and Schmidt 23). Such tools are supposed to be useful in integration a single enterprise or even a network of enterprises. The GERAM framework is thus considered a suitable solution for all types of enterprises. Bernus, P., L. Nemes, and G. Schmidt. Handbook on Enterprise Architecture. Berlin: Springer, 2003. Print. Blokdijk, Gerard. Enterprise Architecture 100 Success Secrets â€⠀œ 100 Most asked Questions on Enterprise Architecture Definition, design, Framework, Governance and Integration. Brisbane: Emereo Pty Ltd., 2008. Print. Goikoetxea, Ambrose. Enterprise Architectures and Digital Administration: Planning, design and assessment. Danvers, MA: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., Print. Hesselbach, J., and C. Herrmann. Glocalized solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing. Berlin: Springer, 2011. Print. Lam, Wing Hong, and Venky Shankararaman. Enterprise architecture and integration: Methods, Implementation and Technology. Hershey: Information Science Reference, 2007. Print. Radaideh, M. A., and H. Al-Ameed. Architecture of Reliable Web Applications Software. Hershey: Idea Group Publishing, 2007. Print. Saha, Pallab. Handbook of Enterprise Systems Architecture in Practice. Hershey: Information Science Reference, 2007. Print. Wout, Jack, Maarten Waage, Herman Iartman, Max Stahlecker, and Aaldert Iofmann. The Integrated Network Architecture expla ined: Why, What, How. Berlin: Springer, 2011. Print. Appendix Appendix A: Zachman Framework (Hesselbach and Herrmann 545).

How to become a special education teacher

How to become a special education teacher Anyone who takes on the role of teacher is already pretty special- educating students of all ages is not for everyone, and it can be one of the most challenging and rewarding careers out there. And if you’re thinking of becoming a special education teacher, working with students with an even greater range of learning styles, academic needs, and levels of ability, the ups and downs of teaching can be even more intense. If you think this might be the teaching career for you, we have the info you need to get started on that path. What do special education teachers do?Special education teachers are educators who work specifically with students who have physical, academic, or emotional differences. Many special ed teachers focus on a particular age group (like elementary school or high school), but the range of student ages can vary, depending on how the school’s special education programs are set up. Special education teachers may work with students who have a variety of sp ecial needs conditions, including:Learning disabilitiesBehavior disordersAutism spectrum disordersPhysical disabilities (blindness, deafness, etc.)Students may range from having mild learning disabilities to severe mental and physical challenges. Special education teachers may choose to specialize in one of these areas and focus their master’s degree studies accordingly. As school employees, special education teachers typically have the same full-time work day and school year as other kinds of teachers, with summers off (unless a particular school or district offers summer courses as part of its special education curriculum). Although the school week typically involves a standard number of working hours, there may be additional time spent in the mornings, evenings, and off-hours to prepare for school and help students in extracurricular programs or other activities.These teachers have many of the same job responsibilities as other types of teachers, including:Lesson and curri culum planningManaging classroom lessons and activitiesTracking student progressMeeting with parentsAssisting students with everyday living tasksTeaching a variety of subjects (like reading, math, or science)Teaching communication skillsSpecial education teachers can be found in most types of schools: public, private, elementary, secondary, or magnet.What skills do special education teachers have?Special education teachers often need to have an extra dose of people skills, given that they’re dealing with students who may have a variety of physical, emotional, and educational needs.Teaching Skills:  This is the most important skill for any teacher, really, but special education teachers have to be especially good at teaching basic concepts to students who have different abilities to learn and understand the material.Flexibility:  Classrooms are unpredictable, and this can be even more true when a class has students with a variety of needs and abilities. The teacher should bring a certain amount of flexibility to lessons and classroom activities to help account for different students who learn in different ways. The special education classroom is rarely a one-size-fits-all educational experience, so a little flexibility in teaching can be very helpful.Patience:  This is a very important skill for a special education teacher to have. Many special needs students may require extra time or resources to learn the skills and concepts that other students may â€Å"get† faster. For the teacher, it’s crucial to understand that extra help or patience may be the best way to reach those students and help them learn.Creativity:  Again, because of the learning differences that special education students may have, standard lessons may not be the way to go. Finding ways to teach material in ways that students can relate to and understand, even if it’s a little unorthodox, can really help special education teachers in their day-to-day classroo ms.Organizational Skills:  Like in any classroom, organization can mean all the difference between chaos and success. Organization is extra important for a special needs classroom, where students have additional challenges and may need even more structure throughout the school day. There may be students with wildly different needs as well, so keeping the classroom and the students organized is essential to making sure everyone’s staying on track.What do you need to become a special education teacher?Becoming a special education teacher requires a four-year degree in education, ideally with a focus on special education. Many teachers also go on to complete a master’s degree in special education as well. Certification is typically required for special education teachers, particularly ones in public schools. Each state has its own certification requirements, so be sure to check with your state to see what’s expected.How much do special education teachers get paid ?According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for kindergarten teachers is $57,910. This can vary depending on the teacher’s experience and the type of school, as well as the types of students the teacher is working with.  What is the outlook for special education teachers?The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that this field will grow about 8% by 2026, which is about as fast as average for all careers. Education is a rather perennial field (especially as the population continues to grow), and the demand for teachers who have the skills to work with special needs students will likely be one of the education specialties that sees the most growth within the industry.If you have the patience and skills to work with special students who have needs that go beyond many other students’, this can be an incredibly rewarding and satisfying career path. You’ll be helping students overcome their issues and learn and grow their potential . Good luck!

APN Professional Development Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

APN Professional Development Plan - Essay Example The discussion that follows will outline an APN professional development plan as well as give the role of the advanced practice nurse. The APN professional development plan would involve six aspects. First is the attendance of continuing education forums like conferences, workshops, clinical updates and rounds that target clinical treatment. Second, the APN can critically review relevant literature like academic journal articles that are targeting clinical treatment. The APN should after that consider how this study impacts their professional development. Thirdly, the APN can enroll for an academic credit course whose focus touches on their practice. Fourthly, the APN can teach other health professionals by offering educational seminars, lectures as well as presentations. Fifthly, the APN can write publications whose aim is to facilitate the integration of evidence-based knowledge into their practice. Lastly, the APN can conduct research that is relevant to their professional field. The scope of practice of the APN includes nurse practitioners, certified nurse-midwives, certified registered nurse anesthetists and clinical nurse specialists. As a nurse practitioner, the APN can work as a licensed and self-regulating practitioner. He or she can conduct an examination on patients and establish the relevant medical diagnosis through the use of the medical history of the client as well as physical analysis. This nurse can command, conduct and deduce screening studies, checks, and diagnostic processes to evaluate and diagnose problems (Fagerstrom & Wangensteen, 2014). This will enable them to institute management and treatment plans. The nurse is in a position to induct consultation, cooperation and applications for a referral to other health professionals and specialists. The nurse can offer pieces of advice, counsel as well as educate communities, families and patients about the

SWOT Analysis of Wal Mart and Carrefour in China Essay

SWOT Analysis of Wal Mart and Carrefour in China - Essay Example Also, being a globally renowned company, the company can face a number of issues politically as well as other external factors. The company also faces high levels of cost competition across the country. Carrefour is one of the worlds second largest and the largest retailer in Europe. The company has been in the Chinese markets for the past few years and has opened as many as ten stores in China at the end of 2010. The main strengths of the company here include its strong global brand name and brand image. Also, the company’s strong experience and knowledge of the industry provides it with an upper hand. Also, since Carrefour has been in China since 1995, the company has strong suppliers and strong contacts within the country. The weaknesses of the company, however, include lack of strong and well-integrated systems within the country. Carrefour uses the strategy of adopting the country as many small markets instead of one large market. This leads to a lack of a strong integrat ed system for the company. In terms of the opportunities, Carrefour has a strong opportunity to enter into the development of small stores across the country as well as to use their strong relations with the suppliers to expand its business and increase the number of stores, considering the size of the Chinese markets (Carrefour). Finally, in terms of the threats, it is clear that the company also faces high levels of threats from other competitors like Wal Mart and also the small local retailers.

Beauty Cuts More Than Skin Deep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Beauty Cuts More Than Skin Deep - Essay Example In the article, the author tends to indicate that the practice of beautifying oneself is more or less a recent trend. Though this is not expressed directly but the indication and focus on more recent techniques such as Botox indicate that the author is analysing the situation in a recent perspective only. People have been in the race to beautify themselves from ancient times. There are indications to suggest that cosmetics were utilised by affluent men and women alike in the ancient Egyptian civilisation (Winter, 2005). Not only this, the practice of denying the usage of cosmetics and other beautification agents has been just as strong. In her article, Cannold (2012) suggests that the onus of using makeup or beautification agents and denying it falls squarely on women. However, this may not necessarily be true. The denial of using beautification agents is just as rampant in men as in women. Studies have indicated that the usage of cosmetics is more of a personal or individual affair than a gender related affair. The author indicates that women use Botox and other beautification agents but deny it in front of other women. She also implies that women are not concerned with Botox usage in men but instead are concerned with the use of such agents by other women. However, if this phenomenon is looked at in detail, it could be recognised that none of us, whether men or women, want to admit our fallibility to age. As indicated before, the use of beautification agents is not associated to gender anymore (Robertson, Fieldman, & Hussey, 2008). Instead, the old values are being replaced by new values where men and women alike want to deny the usage of any beautification agents. The author further develops her argument by presenting weight as a means of differentiating between women’s social groups. Cannold (2012) suggests that women of one weight category will socialise with each other only in order to justify their own weight. This serves as a weak argument since this argument can be generalised to nearly any gender and their socialisation patterns. It is relevant to note that men will only socialise with other men who share common physical characteristics. For example, body builder men will socialise with others who are conscious about their physical well being. This argument can also be extended further to espouse the third gender. Members of the third gender will only socialise with members of the third gender since they resemble physically. Hence, it could be concluded that physically similar people will socialise with each other whether you talk about men, women or about the third gender. The author extends her argument to indicate that women utilise beautification agents in order to fit into their social groups where 50 year olds seem like 40 year olds. Again, it could be argued that men tend to be just as choosy about their appearance and this can be demonstrated by looking at the corporate sector. Restricting the argument’s sc ope to women alone is rather lope sided since male corporate managers do their best to look and as fresh as a cucumber (Gimlin, 2002). Present-ability is one of the most esteemed characteristics of the corporate world especially at the higher levels. This applies across the board to men and women operating in those domains (Low, 2008). The author’

EBay Case Study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

EBay Case Study - Term Paper Example There are number of ways through eBay creates value. State-of-the-art systems and tools have been developed by the company. Such tools and systems have increased the productivity of the network members. Furthermore more number of members is encouraged to join the network. Such tools include the Turbo Lister service and Seller’s Assistant. The first one is capable of tracking and managing thousands of mass listings on the home computers, whereas the second one helps new sellers as well as makes professional-looking online listings. EBay has also set up and maintained performance standards which augment the steadiness of the system. Buyers and sellers are allowed to rate each other. Such ranking system bolsters users’ confidence level Sellers having good reputation among the buyers, attain the Power Seller status and those having bad reputation are excluded from any kind of future transactions (Iansiti & Levien, â€Å"Creating Value in Your Business Ecosystem†). Mo reover, value created by eBay is shared with the members of the ecosystem. A moderate fee is charged from the users for allowing them to coordinate their various trading activities. Incentives in the form of special status (Power Seller) enhance the standards of the sellers and this benefits the entire ecosystem. c) What is the source of eBay’s competitive advantage? The major source of eBay’s competitive advantage is its social capital. Social capital is referred to the trust, goodwill and credibility.